# django_admin_log

action_time: 2024-02-02 08:45:50.293651
object_id: 1
object_repr: Bronzing/ Maturity Staining Disorder
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action_time: 2024-02-14 16:34:49.535940
object_id: 4
object_repr: Pseudostem Weevil
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action_time: 2024-02-14 16:38:27.250384
object_id: 5
object_repr: Rhizome weevil
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action_time: 2024-02-14 16:49:38.081424
object_id: 1
object_repr: Leaf eating caterpillar
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action_time: 2024-02-14 16:53:38.021123
object_id: 10
object_repr: Squirrel
change_message:
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action_time: 2024-02-14 17:08:03.856964
object_id: 9
object_repr: Monkey
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action_time: 2024-02-14 17:13:53.513469
object_id: 7
object_repr: Birds
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action_time: 2024-11-06 05:35:33.289217
object_id: 6
object_repr: Question: banana leaf spot (Answered by: 1234567891)
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action_time: 2024-12-05 06:30:39.446038
object_id: 11
object_repr: pest-name1-paddy
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action_time: 2024-12-05 06:46:13.017555
object_id: 12
object_repr: Question: what is the prob? (Answered by: 7994817081)
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action_time: 2024-12-07 08:31:29.764890
object_id: 11
object_repr: pest-name1-paddy
change_message:
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action_time: 2024-12-07 08:49:44.863797
object_id: 13
object_repr: Question: why tomato looks like this (Answered by: N/A)
change_message:
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action_time: 2025-05-05 06:25:09.255400
object_id: 15
object_repr: Question: what is wrong with this (Answered by: N/A)
change_message:
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action_time: 2025-05-05 06:57:40.823094
object_id: 16
object_repr: Question: (Answered by: 7994817081)
change_message:
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# data_physiologicaldisorder

disorder_id: PDI-0hl647PIT0
disorder_name: Bronzing/ Maturity Staining Disorder
problem_with_similiar_symptoms: The problem is characteristic of the disorder and can be easily distinguished.
management: Avoid stress during the bunch emergence and development stage.
created: 2024-02-02 08:45:50.291057
updated: 2024-02-02 11:07:52.439387
description:
  Bronzing is a stress related physiological disorder that occurs in banana fruits. The affected fruits show characteristic discoloration and cracking of the peel. The cells of the underlying layers of banana peel expand at a faster rate for a long period of time than epidermal cells. This pattern of growth gives rise to a point of weakness at the cell edge. Further, the epidermal cells are subjected to circumferential stress during fruit growth and it exceeds its elastic limit and separation of cells at anticlinal walls of adjacent epidermal cells. Hence, red brown discoloration occurs.

symptoms:
  1. Symptoms include discolouration and cracking of the peel.
  2. It begins as a light brown tinge on the outer exposed portion of fingers,
  3.progresses into reddish brown stripes and patches and finally develops into solid dark brown lesions.
  4.Later this dries and forms longitudinal cracks


disorder_id: PDI-Sf76G0I70y
disorder_name: Choke throat
created: 2024-02-02 08:46:43.498379
updated: 2024-02-02 11:07:31.328557
description:
  Choke throat is a disease of banana caused by low temperature. When low temperature synchronizes during flowering, bunch emergence is affected. Half emerged bunches is the characteristic feature of the disease. The disease can also delay the harvest time by 5-6 months. The normal emergence of bunch is stopped because of the disease. The distal part of the inflorescence comes out and the basal part gets stuck up at the throat.

symptoms:
  1. It is due to low temperature affecting active growth of the plant
  2. Leaves become yellow and in severe cases, the tissue gets killed
  3.Bunch development is normal, but when the time of flowering synchronizes with low temperature, the bunch is unable to emerge from the pseudostem properly.
  4.The distal part of the inflorescence comes out and the basal part gets stuck up at the throat. Hence, it is called Choke throat
  5.Maturity of the bunch is delayed by about 5-6 months

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Deficiency of Calcium and Boron also leads to similar symptoms. However, choke throat is very much characteristic to the physiological disorder and occurs only when low temperature synchronizes the flowering period.

management:
  1. Provide shelter belts
  2.Plant low temperature tolerant varieties
  3.Adjust the time of planting, to prevent rapid cooling during cold spells
  4.Adopt corrective measures for calcium and Boron deficiency, if necessary.


disorder_id: PDI-3UKD1dm069
disorder_name: Poor Drainage
symptoms:
  1. Yellowing of the leaf
  2.Separation of the leaf sheaths

management: 1. Ensure proper drainage in the field.
created: 2024-02-02 08:47:43.079436
updated: 2024-02-02 11:06:48.597647
description:
  Banana is a plant that is very much sensitive to water. When the plant is kept under water logged situation for two or more days, leaf starts showing yellowing. And when the situation continues, the leaf sheaths start separating. Therefore, ensuring proper drainage is very much important in banana cultivation. Continuous submergence affects the conducting tissue. As a consequence yellowing of leaf happens

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Yellowing of leaves can be caused because of many reasons. However, if the yellowing is caused after water logging, the problem can be confirmed.


disorder_id: PDI-w8en593dW4
disorder_name: Excess Suckers
symptoms: The growth of mother plant will get affected. The plant shows stunted growth
created: 2024-02-02 08:48:42.600872
updated: 2024-02-02 08:48:42.600900
description:
  Suckers are young banana plants seen surrounding the mother plant. They form the planting materials for the next crop. However, when the suckers are produced before, six months of the growth of the mother plant, a greater share of absorbed nutrients will get translocation to the suckers. This adversely affects the growth and development of the mother plant. The young suckers compete with the mother plant for water and nutrients. This adversely affects the growth ad development of the mother plant.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Stunted growth can be caused because of a number of factors. And over production of suckers is one among them.

management:
  De-suckering should start from two months after planting of banana. The side suckers should be removed by cutting at their base. Hereafter, a few drops of kerosene should be poured inside it to arrest further growth. And the process should repeat every 45 days till the plant flowers. After bunch emergence, restrict the number of suckers to two.


disorder_id: PDI-oF11s1r2p3
disorder_name: Hard lump
problem_with_similiar_symptoms: The symptoms are very much characteristic to the physiological disorder.
management: Spray or dip the end of peduncle in 20 ml of 2,4-D 1000 ppm to check the disorder.
created: 2024-02-02 08:52:21.799702
updated: 2024-02-02 11:06:18.987880
description:
  Hard lump is a condition affecting the fruit on maturity. Here the pulp becomes hardy in some areas and the taste become astringent. This normally happens when bunch emergence occurs during dry winter months. The fruit quality is greatly affected because of the disease. The disease is seen commonly in Rasthali. The bunch emergence during winter results in high accumulation of tannin in the fruit. The high concentration of tannin blocks the conversion of starch to sugar. This ultimately results in pinkish discoloration and astringent taste to the fruit.

symptoms:
  1.Hard lump or masses of varying sizes and shapes occur in the pulp
  2. Lumps are pinkish brown in colour and more firm than the usual pulp and taste like immature or unripe fruits, with the result that the quality of the fruit is affected


disorder_id: PDI-59Aw1A31er
disorder_name: Water Stress
created: 2024-02-02 08:53:32.266650
updated: 2024-02-02 11:06:03.651363
description:
  Drought is a situation resulting from severe shortage of water. Banana plant needs around 1200 liters of water at different stages of its growth period. If that much water does not enter the soil through irrigation or rainfall, symptoms of drought will be noticed. And, if unchecked, drought can cause complete loss of the crop. Therefore, adopting appropriate drought management strategy is very much important for profitable cultivation of banana. The water uptake of the plant will be affected. And as a consequence, most of the metabolic activity of the plant will be stopped.

symptoms:
  The primary symptom of drought is wilting of the plant. The wilted leaf slowly starts drying up and is noticed seen around the plant. The growth of the plant will be reduced. The pseudostem also becomes thin and weak due to the loss of water. And at a severe stage the plant may break down in wind. The confirmation symptom for drought is the presence of cracks in basins of the plant because of acute water shortage.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Symptoms of drought can be confused with other problems like fusarium wilt, moko disease etc. however, such problems are seen more in rainy season while drought in summer.

management:
  1.	The scheduling of irrigation in accordance with the critical period of water need is one method. In banana the critical months of irrigation starts from the fourth month after planting and extends up to the eight month. Therefore, adjusting the planting time to skip this period in the droughty months should be adopted as far as possible.
  2.	A second method is conservation of applied water in the soil itself. The addition of organic waste, cover crop and other water conservation methods can be adopted for this purpose.
  3.	A third method is improving the efficiency of our irrigation system. Most of our surface irrigation systems will have efficiency below 50 per cent only. However, when we go for drip irrigation the efficiency can be increased to around 80 percent. Further with limited quantity of water more number of plants can be covered. Research also have showed an increase of around 25 per cent in yield when farmers adopt drip irrigation.


disorder_id: PDI-ZI0230Nh3O
disorder_name: White pipe
problem_with_similiar_symptoms: The problem is characteristic of the disorder and can be easily distinguished.
created: 2024-02-02 08:54:40.638960
updated: 2024-02-02 11:05:43.825883
description:
  White pipe is a disorder when banana plants outgrow their calcium or boron supply. The unfurling of the heart leaf is delayed which results in white pipe symptom. This normally occurs when there is a good summer shower during severe summer season. When banana plants outgrow their calcium or boron supply, unfurling of the heart leaf is delayed which results in white pipe symptom. Due to delayed unfurling the heart leaf becomes necrotic and subsequently rots.

symptoms:
  1. When banana plants outgrow their calcium or boron supply, unfurling of the heart leaf is delayed which results in white pipe symptom
  2. Due to delayed unfurling, the heart leaf becomes necrotic and subsequently rots

management:
  1. Apply organic manure at the recommended rate
  2.Apply lime as per necessity based on soil test result
  3. Apply borax @ 20-50 g/plant at the time of planting (in case of boron deficiency).


disorder_id: PDI-N0Z6Fz957j
disorder_name: Wind Damage
problem_with_similiar_symptoms: Wind damage is characteristic of the presence of wind in the area.
created: 2024-02-02 08:55:48.784682
updated: 2024-02-02 11:04:59.888595
description:
  Banana has a wide and thin leaf and is extremely sensitive to wind damage. Tearing of leaf lamina is found to reduce the yield of banana by 20 per cent. Further, if the wind velocity goes above 50 Km/hr, toppling of the plant can happen. Hence, adopting appropriate wind management strategy is a must in banana cultivation. Wind results in tearing of leaf lamina. The interception of photosynthetic active radiation will get reduced. As a consequence there will be a reduction in the yield of the plant. Further, wind also increases the translocation loss and results in water stress. With strong wind, breakage of the plant is the serious problem.

symptoms:
  1. Tearing of leaf lamina along the veins is the common symptom of wind damage.
  2.Breaking of leaf petiole and pseudostem can occur depending on the intensity of wind velocity
  3.Toppling of the plant can happen in high wind areas and also in situations where nematode or other problems damage the rhizome.

management:
  1. Give proper support to the banana plants when the plant is six month old. The material used for support can be of different type in accordance with availability.
  2. Planting of wind breaks to reduce the intensity of wind from the probable direction of wind can be tried.
  3. Adjustment in the time of planting can be done, if possible, to avoid periods of heavy wind when the plant become tall.


# data_pestcategory

pest_category_id: IPC-663O0kHfe7
pest_category: Insect pest
created: 2024-02-02 05:28:12.630816
updated: 2024-02-02 05:28:12.630844
description:
  Insect pests are organisms belonging to the class Insecta. They have six legs, three body segments (head, thorax, and abdomen), and often wings. Examples include beetles, caterpillars and aphids.


pest_category_id: IPC-14sMI4e72B
pest_category: Non insect pest
created: 2024-02-02 05:28:35.144553
updated: 2024-02-02 05:28:35.144580
description:
  Non-insect pests refer to organisms that are not classified as insects. This category includes various organisms from different taxonomic groups, such as mammals, birds and nematodes.


# data_pest

pest_id: INS-9Z1WT1Cw85
pest_name: Leaf eating caterpillar
created: 2024-02-02 05:31:57.732715
updated: 2024-02-14 16:49:38.078164
description:
  CO: Spodoptera litura.
  Leaf eating caterpillars cause damage to leaf by defoliation. The caterpillars attack banana in groups during the early growth stages causing drying up of leaf in patches. The affected leaves shows irregular holes on them. The larvae remains hidden in the leaf axils during day time and feeds at night. When the population of the caterpillar is high, we need to adopt management tactics. The caterpillar feeds on the young leaves causing shot holes and eaten up areas. This considerably reduce the photosynthetic area and thereby growth and development

symptoms:
  1.	These are smooth cater pillars. In the young stages, they can be seen in masses on the leaves scraping the green matter resulting in scarring on the leaves
  2.	Grown up caterpillars hide in the leaf axils or at the plant base in soil or undersurface of dried leaves and bore the emerging leaf entering from the leaf axils. This results in occurrence of bore holes in a pattern as the leaf unfurls.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Other caterpillars also cause damage of similar nature. However, at management level, the strategy is more or less similar.

management:
  1. If severe, apply any contact insecticide at the leaf axils like Flubendiamide 20WG 2.5g /10L or Imidachloprid 18.5 SC 3ml/10L
  2. In order to attract and kill the hiding larvae of Spodoptera, prepare food attractant by making small balls using 100g rice bran, 10g jaggery and 2g carbaryl 50WP. Disperse these balls in the field at the plant base.


pest_id: INS-7Tt03o98Hq
pest_name: Mealy Bug
created: 2024-02-02 05:33:23.746723
updated: 2024-02-02 10:39:57.237949
description:
  CO: mealy bugs and thrips.
  There are a number of sucking pests that suck the sap from banana leaf. The common pest includes mealy bug, scales, thrips etc. These pests suck the sap from the banana leaf and cause yellowing and wilting. Therefore, controlling these pests is very important in banana cultivation. Both the adults and nymphs remove plant sap using their sucking mouthparts.

symptoms:
  1. Yellowish discolouration of the affected area as a result of sucking of sap.
  2. The pest colonize in certain areas only resulting in non uniform pattern of damage.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Yellowing, wilting and stunted growth results out from a number of problems. However, presence of small insect colonies confirms the basic cause of the problem.

management:
  1. Spray with Dimethoate 30 EC 2ml/L , Imidacloprid 18.7 SL 3ml/L or Thiamethoxam 25 WG 2g/L.
  2. Biological control can suppress the mealy bugs. Small encyrtid wasps parasitize mealy bugs. Spiders, chloropid fly, drosophilid, and lady beetles are predators of the mealy bugs.


pest_id: INS-9f4QVm098x
pest_name: Nettle grub
created: 2024-02-02 05:35:03.050894
updated: 2024-02-02 10:39:25.777488
description:
  CO: Miresa decedens.
  Nettle grub is a defoliating caterpillar in banana. The caterpillars attack banana during the rainy season. The affected leaves shows irregular holes on them. The larvae remains hidden in the leaf axils during day time and feeds at night. When the population of the caterpillar is high, we need to adopt management tactics. The caterpillar feeds on the young leaves causing shot holes and eaten up areas. This considerably reduce the photosynthetic area and thereby growth and development.

symptoms:
  1.The caterpillars are creamy white and have stout bristle like hairs which produce strong allergic reactions on touch  
  2.They feed on emerging leaves by staying at the leaf axils resulting in shapeless holes on the leaves.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Other caterpillars also cause damage of similar nature. However, at management level, the strategy is more or less similar.

management:
  1.	Collection and distruction of the larvae hiding in the leaf axils.
  2.	If severe, apply any contact insecticide at the leaf axils like Flubendiamide 20WG 2.5g /10L or Imidachloprid 18.5 SC 3ml/10L.


pest_id: INS-5cQ602Bvt1
pest_name: Pseudostem Weevil
created: 2024-02-02 05:37:07.270107
updated: 2024-02-14 16:34:49.529354
description:
  CO: Odoiporus longicollis.
  Pseudostem borer is the most common and most serious pest of banana. Plant nearing flowering are attacked by the weevil. The grub of the weevil tunnels the pseudostem and cause greater damage to it. The visible symptoms of the pest are yellowing of the lower leaves, oozing of colourless jelly like viscous liquid from bore holes  and seen on pseudostem. Breaking of pseudostem can also happen in serious cases. Hence, control of this pest is very much important in banana cultivation. The apodous grub bores within the pseudostem making extensive tunnels. This in turn affects the translocation of nutrients and plant shows yellowing symptoms. Further, the severely infested pseudostem may break and or topple.

symptoms:
  1. Adult female weevil punctures and inserts eggs into the pseudostem. Grubs emerging out feed extensively on the pseudostem and thereby causes extensive tunnels inside.
  2. Colourless jelly like plant sap oozes out from minute boreholes on the pseudostem or leaf bases. This is the first symptom.
  3. The ooze later turns deep violet in colour. Chewed up material will also be pushed out through the holes
  4. Leaves turn yellow, dry up and finally, the plant collapses.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Pseudostem weevil causes yellowing and withering of lower leaves. Similar symptoms are also caused by rhizome rot, panama wilt and drought. However, the black internal discolouation and presence of grubs of the beetle inside the pseudostem confirms the problem.

management:
  1.	The field should be kept clean by removing plant materials including left over psuedostem.
  2.	Cut and remove weevil infested and severely damaged psuedostem and shred them into small pieces
  3.	Remove senile, leaf spot infected and hanging leaves that acts as refuge for adult beetles
  4.	Application of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana @20g/1 of water into leaf axil and psuedostem is found effective.
  5.	Adult beetles can be trapped using psuedostem trap @ 1 trap/40 plants. They can be prepared by taking harvested banana stem of 1 feet length and splitting them longitudinal split traps with 20 g Beauveria bassiana or entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) infected Galleria cadavers and keep the other half over it fitting correctly.
  6.	For propylatic control of psuedostem weevil, leaf axil application of entomopathogenic nematode (Heterorhabditid bacteriophora) infected cadaver @ 4 cadaver per plant at 5th, 6th, 7th month after planting along with using stem trap swabbed with entomopathogenic nematode @1x107 infective juveniles 5th month after planting onwards.
  7.	If holes along with frass material or jelly like exudations are observed on psuedostem, inject 20ml of active infective juveniles (IJLs) of EPN @, 10001JLs/ml into the holes are curative measure.
  8.	Apply fipronil 5 % SC @ 3 mI/L or Carbosulfuran 25 EC @1.5 mI/L on psuedostem and basal applications at 5th, 6th and 7th month after planting
  9.	In severe cases, for curative managent apply chlorpyriphos 20 EC @2.5ml/L at leaf axil and psuedostem spray and basal drench.


pest_id: INS-7X8x2pE4B8
pest_name: Rhizome weevil
created: 2024-02-02 05:55:02.683081
updated: 2024-02-14 16:38:27.246900
description:
  CO: Rhizome weevil.
  Rhizome weevil is an important problem in banana cultivation. The grub of the weevil bores the rhizome and causes damage. The primary symptom is the death of the unopened leaves. This is followed by yellowing and drying of the outer leaves. Therefore, control of this insect is very much important in successful banana cultivation. The damage is caused by the grub boring into the rhizome. Extensive feeding damage by grubs results in root destruction, slowed plant growth, scarcity of leaves. reduced fruit production, and, sometimes, toppled plants

symptoms:
  1. Death of the unopened leaves/ pipe leaf.
  2.Premature withering of outer leaves is also noticed.
  3.njury caused by grubs (larvae), which tunnel through the corms.
  4.Tunnels circular in cross section, become wider as the grub grows and are filled with dark-coloured debris
  5.Extensive feeding damage by grubs results in root destruction, slowed plant growth, scarcity of leaves. reduced fruit production, and, sometimes, toppled plants
  6.The tunneling by the grubs make the corms susceptible to invasion by secondary decay organisms.
  7.Production and growth of suckers reduced when parent plants are heavily damaged
  8.Affected sucker plants can be recognized by their dull, yellowish-green withered leaves. Relatively little damage is caused by adults feeding on plant tissues.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Rhizome weevil attack can be easily distinguished by the presence grubs of the insect and feeding holes on rhizome

management:
  1.	The larvae survive in plant debris. Hence, cleaning of debris from the field is important. Use planting material free of weevils. Apply neemcake @1kg/plant at the time of planting. Cut and remove the outer layer of the rhizome and sundry for 3-4 days after smearing it with slurry of cow dung and ash.
  2.	Deep plough the land to expose the inner soil layer to sun. Place pieces of old rhizomes or pseudostems 1-2 feet long splits and placed on the plantation floor between plants. Adult beetles migrate into these stems and can be collected by hand and killed.
  3.	Sucker treatment with Pseudomonas flurescens(20 gram/litre) plus sucker treatment with entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (4 infected wax moth larvae per plant) at planting followed by two applications at 2nd and 5th month after planting.
  4.	Before planting dipping of suckers in Chlorpyriphos 20 EC (2 ml/litre of water) for 30 minutes to protect rhizome from weevil attack.
  5.	Cut pseudo stem into small pieces in lengths of up to 60 cm and split each along its length. The split pseudo stem are placed in the soil in the way that the cut portion faces the ground. The recommended number is 30 to 40 numbers (split traps) per acre. The adults attracted to it during night can be collected and destroyed.
  6.	The open cut side of the above pseudostem trap can be sprayed with solution of Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae (5 gram /liter). The weevil gets infected by the fungal spores when it enters the pseudostem trap. This kills the insects within 72 hours.
  7.	Application of Thiamethoxam 25 WG (2 gram/10 litre) or Fipronil 0.3G (10 gram formulation per plant) at planting followed by two applications 2 nd and 5th months after planting


pest_id: INS-1yhP64T32W
pest_name: Thrips
management: 1. Spray with Dimethoate 30 EC 2ml/L , Imidacloprid 18.7 SL 3ml/L or Thiamethoxam 25 WG 2g/L.
created: 2024-02-02 05:56:13.886467
updated: 2024-02-02 10:36:49.166842
description:
  CO: mealy bugs and thrips.
  There are a number of sucking pests that suck the sap from banana leaf. The common pest includes mealy bug, scales, thrips etc. These pests suck the sap from the banana leaf and cause yellowing and wilting. Therefore, controlling these pests is very important in banana cultivation. Both the adults and nymphs suck plant sap.

symptoms:
  1. Yellowish discolouration of the affected area as a result of sucking of sap.
  2. The pest colonize in certain areas only resulting in non uniform pattern of damage.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Reddish, wilting and stunted growth results out from a number of problems. However, presence of small insect colonies confirms the basic cause of the problem.


pest_id: INS-L49I5X3rz3
pest_name: Birds
symptoms: 1. Fruits eaten by birds will show characteristic holes on them.
problem_with_similiar_symptoms: The symptoms are characteristic of the problem.
created: 2024-02-02 05:57:40.623321
updated: 2024-02-14 17:13:53.510210
description:
  CO: Birds and squirrel.
  Birds and squirrel are common in our fields. At times they eat the fruit and cause damage to the bunch. Therefore, having an eye on their movement will help us to see what damage they cause. The birds eat the fruit with their its beak. The marking of the beak can be very well seen on the fruit.

management:
  1. Do not allow the fruit to get ripen in the field.
  2.Cover the fruit so as to protect from the birds using bunch cover.
  •3.Use bird scarers and other ways to control birds


pest_id: INS-21Xf40uVT9
pest_name: Burrowing Nematode
created: 2024-02-02 05:58:48.053418
updated: 2024-02-02 10:36:01.664714
description:
  CO: Radopholus similis.
  Nematode is one of the major limiting factors to banana production. There are four economically important nematode pests for banana. They include burrowing nematode, root lesion nematode, spiral nematode and root-knot nematode. These nematodes attack root and causes damage on them. As a consequence, the plant becomes week and sometimes gets toppled. The nematode feeds on the root tissue by piercing inside. Extensive feeding result in formation of gall that blocks the conduction of water and nutrients. Fungi rapidly invade such damaged root tissue. The infected plant topples over easily during wet and windy weather because of inadequate anchorage.

symptoms:
  1.	The first symptom of the attack is a small dark spot/ lesions on the root.
  2.	Narrowing of leaves and delayed flowering results out of the attack.
  3.	The growth of the plant become slow and look stunted.
  4.	The number of fruits in the bunch is reduced and individual fruits are small
  5.	Affected plants do not respond to fertilizers, irrigation or cultural practices. Nematode population builds up rapidly in ratoon crops
  6.	The infected plant topples over easily during wet and windy weather because of inadequate anchorage.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  The nematode attack causes stunted growth and yellowing. Eventually the plant will get broken at the crown region. Similar symptoms are caused because of rhizome rot, rhizome weevil attack, drought etc.

management:
  1.	Growing cowpea (trap crop for root knot nematodes) helps in reducing nematode population
  2.	Raising marigold, Tagetus patula and incorporating in-situ after plucking flowers is most effective
  3.	Adding well decomposed farmyard manure @20t/ha to enrich soil to enhance beneficial nematode antagonistic microorganism
  4.	Application of Paecilomyces lilacinus @25g/m? effectively reduced the nematode population
  5.	Application of neem cake @250g/clump at the time of planting followed by 250g after 3rd month and growing Tagetus around the basin can effectively reduce the population of soil nematodes.
  6.	Application of cartap hydrochloride@20g/m2 effectively reduced the nematode population and increases the plant growth and bunch weight Integrated control of nematode.


pest_id: INS-478AO8VSN2
pest_name: Monkey
symptoms:
  1.Fruits will be eaten after removing their peel.
  •2.Partially eaten fruits can also be seen.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms: Presence of monkeys in the area confirms the attack.
management: Control attack from monkeys by way of covering the fruit.
created: 2024-02-02 06:02:02.761607
updated: 2024-02-14 17:08:03.854167
description:
  CO: Monkey.
  Monkey can cause great damage to banana plantation by way of eating the fruit. Normally, monkeys come in large numbers and eat the ripe fruit. Therefore, having an eye on their movement is very much important in areas where their population is high. Monkeys come in large numbers and eat the ripe fruit.


pest_id: INS-KBR8393C8u
pest_name: stink bugs
description: significant pests in tomato
tags: tomato,Tomato
created: 2024-12-07 08:34:50.321696
updated: 2024-12-07 08:34:50.321717
symptoms:
  Discolored, sunken, or pitted areas on fruits.
  Corky internal texture.
  Premature fruit drop or deformities.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Blossom End Rot: Affects the bottom of fruits but lacks puncture marks.
  Fruit Borers: Create entry holes and leave behind frass, unlike stink bugs.

management:
  Monitoring: Inspect plants regularly, especially when fruits are small to medium-sized.
  Mechanical Control: Handpick stink bugs and nymphs; dispose of them in soapy water.
  Trap Crops: Plant trap crops like sunflowers to lure stink bugs away from tomatoes.


# data_nutrientdisorder

disorder_id: NDI-1H3M79iOw6
disorder_name: Boron
created: 2024-02-02 08:33:49.838839
updated: 2024-02-02 10:59:01.357903
description:
  Boron is an element needed for the formation of starch from sugars. To establish a crop yielding 50 tones per hector per year, the plant need 1.27 kg of boron per hector per year. If sufficient quantity of organic manure and mineral nutrients are not added, deficiency of boron will be noticed. The physiology of boron tolerance and boron toxicity is not well understood.

symptoms:
  1. Boron deficiency occurs more in humid areas
  2. In deficient plants, the veins are very close, raised above the lamina and leaves become brittle initially
  3. In later stages, chlorotic spots parallel to midrib and corrugation and laddering symptoms also appear and unfolding of leaf is delayed in addition to the yield reduction
  4. Interveinal chlorosis and striation at right angles to main veins
  5. Leaves curl and become deformed. Flag leaf is also deformed
  6. Leaf tip exhibits browning and breaks
  7. Severe deficiency causes all growth to stop
  8. Distal part of the inflorescence comes out and the basal part gets stuck up at the throat.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Calcium and sulphur deficiency symptoms also come similar with boron deficiency symptoms. In calcium deficiency, there is marginal chlorosis and in sulphur deficiency pale green to yellow discoloration. These can be distinguished from boron deficiency where there are perpendicular streaks across the veins.

management:
  1. Apply organic manure at the recommended rate
  2. Apply borax @ 20-50 g/plant at the time of planting (depending on severity)
  3. Give foliar spray of boric acid (2 g per litre) at fourth and fifth month of planting.
  4. In Rasthali, spraying 0.5 % Boric acid (5 g per litre) during 4th and 6th month reduces lumpiness besides increasing the bunch yield


disorder_id: NDI-13Rfl1gz84
disorder_name: Calcium
created: 2024-02-02 08:35:23.391816
updated: 2024-02-02 10:58:06.470404
description:
  Calcium is an element needed for the maintenance of cell wall constituents. It also neutralizes the soil from the ill effects of acidity and creates a conducive atmosphere for plant growth. To establish a crop yielding 50 tones per hector per year, the plant need 227 Kg of calcium per hector per year. If sufficient quantity of organic manure and lime are not added, deficiency of calcium will be noticed. Calcium is a constituent of Ca pectates, important cell wall constituents also involved in biomembrane maintenance. It helps in cell wall stabilization as an enzyme activator, in osmoregulation, and in the cation-anion balance.Ca is less mobile in than Mg and K. Because Ca is not retranslocated to new growth, deficiency symptoms usually appear first on young leaves. Ca deficiency also results in impaired root function and may predispose the to Fe toxicity.

symptoms:
  1. Deficiency symptoms appear in the younger leaves owing to low mobility of calcium within the plant
  2. Early foliar symptoms include yellow stripes parallel to leaf midrib and crinkling of leaves
  3. Leaf thickening and marginal interveinal chlorosis as the plant grows
  4. If the deficiency is severe, the leaves develop serrated or saw like margins and are completely deformed
  5.Heart leaf exhibits chlorosis followed by necrosis
  6. Prolonged and severe deficiency prevents the emergence of new leaves and ultimately the plant dies
  7. When plants outgrow their calcium or boron supply it results in deformed, bunchy and yellow leaves at the center/top of the plant resembling bunchy top disease.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Deformation of the flag leaf can also be induced by poorly placed herbicide applications such as glyphosate and can be erroneously confused with deficiencies of Ca, Zn or B. Similarly, symptoms of viral attack can be mistaken for deficiencies of these elements. To confirm that the plant does not have banana bunchy top disease, check closely for symptoms such as Morse code and petiole streaking that represent the bunchy top disease.

management:
  1.Apply recommended dose of organic manure (10 kg per plant)
  2. Apply lime as per necessity based on soil test result


disorder_id: NDI-3Z3300eKfT
disorder_name: Magnesium
created: 2024-02-02 08:36:45.528390
updated: 2024-02-02 10:57:26.453141
description:
  Magnesium is an element closely associated with photosynthesis and protein synthesis. To establish a crop yielding 50 tones per hector per year, the plant need 125 kg of magnesium per hector per year. If sufficient quantity of organic manure and mineral nutrients are not added, deficiency of magnesium will be noticed. Magnesium activates several enzymes. It is a constituent of chlorophyll, and thus is involved in CO2 assimilation and protein synthesis because it activates several enzymes and is a constituent of chlorophyll. Mg also regulates cellular pH and the cation-anion balance. It is very mobile and is retranslocated easily from old leaves to young leaves. Deficiency symptoms therefore tend to occur initially in older leaves.

symptoms:
  1. Typical deficiency symptom is yellowing of outside section of the lamina in older leaves, which is due to its mobility in the plant
  2. As the deficient leaf matures, chlorosis becomes more intense, and dark spots appear, that later become necrotic
  3.Affected leaves turns to intense golden yellow in colour
  4. Leaf arrangement is affected, leading to a rosette appearance
  5. Another characteristic symptom is a bluish-purple colouration on the petioles called blue sickness
  6. When deficiency is severe, the basal section of the petiole separates and breaks from the pseudostem, causing early leaf senescence.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Deficiency symptoms caused by nutrient elements are characterized by the part in which symptoms are exhibited. In case of deficiency of iron, sulphur, boron, zinc and calcium, the symptoms are seen first on the younger leaves. But for phosperous, magnesium, manganese and potassium, the symptoms are first exhibited in the older leaves. Calcium and sulphur deficiency symptoms also show similarity with boron deficiency symptoms. In calcium deficiency, there is marginal chlorosis and in sulphur deficiency pale green to yellow discoloration. These can be distinguished from boron deficiency where there are perpendicular streaks across the veins.

management:
  1. Apply organic manure at the recommended rate (10 kg per plant)
  2.Apply MgSO4 @ 20 g/plant. Alternatively, spraying magnesium sulphate @ 2 g/L of water effectively corrects the deficiency


disorder_id: NDI-28E05hQy0s
disorder_name: Nitrogen
created: 2024-02-02 08:39:41.148254
updated: 2024-02-02 10:56:48.576161
description:
  Nitrogen is an important nutrient needed for proper growth and development. To establish a crop yielding 50 tones per hectar per year, the plant need approximately 388 Kg of nitrogen per hectar per year. Further, the amount of nitrogen absorbed has a direct correlation with the yield of the plant. Therefore, application of the correct amount of nutrient in the right method is very much essential for banana cultivation. N is an essential constituent of amino acids, nucleic acids, nucleotides, and chlorophyll. The photosynthetic rate and biomass production have a direct correlation with nitrogen uptake. Further, it also affects most of the yield parameters. So the deficiency of nitrogen affects the normal growth and development of the plant. As a consequent the biomass production and total yield of the plant will be affected.

symptoms:
  1. The most evident symptom is yellowing of leaves resulting from a reduction in chlorophyll content
  2. Yellowing commences in the older, lower leaves and subsequently affect younger leaves as the deficiency worsens.
  3. Petioles of the most affected leaves become short and show a pinkish discoloration
  4. Leaves emerge and develop on the top of each other resulting in a rosette appearance
  5. Plant height and leaf length is considerably reduced
  6. Growth and development is delayed and rate of leaf production.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  The visual symptoms of N deficiency can be confused with those of S deficiency, but S deficiency is less common and tends to first affect younger leaves. Mild N deficiency can be confused with Fe deficiency, but the latter affects the emerging leaf first. Similarly, Nitrogen deficiency will result in yellowing of the leaves. Similar symptoms are also produced in cases of severe weed competition, drought, water logging etc.

management:
  1. Apply compost, cattle manure or green leaves at the rate of 10 kg per plant at the time of planting.
  2. Apply fertilizers at the recommended dose as per the schedule

  3. Apply the fertilizer in two equal split doses; the first, two months after planting and the second, four months after planting. For ratoon crop, apply the entire fertilizers in a single dose immediately after the harvest of the preceding crop. Irrigate immediately after manuring.
  4. For Nendran, apply the fertilizers in six split doses as detailed
  5. After planting banana, sow sunhemp / daincha / cowpea adopting a seed rate of 50 kg/ha. Incorporate the crop into the soil 40 days after sowing. Repeat sowing of green manure crop and incorporate into soil 40 days after sowing.


disorder_id: NDI-j816uW98Zv
disorder_name: Phosphorous
created: 2024-02-02 08:40:46.507601
updated: 2024-02-02 10:56:03.375589
description:
  Phosphorous play the major functions in energy storage and transfer and membrane integrity. To establish a crop yielding 50 tones per hectar per year, the plant need 52 kg of phosphorous per hector per year. If sufficient quantity of organic manure and mineral nutrients are not added, deficiency of phosphorous will be noticed. Phosphorus is an essential constituent of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nucleotides, nucleic acids, and phospholipids. Its major functions are in energy storage and transfer and membrane integrity. It is mobile within the plant and promotes root development, early flowering, and ripening (especially where the temperature is low). It is particularly important in early growth stages. P is remobilized within the plant during later growth stages if sufficient P has been absorbed during early growth.

symptoms:
  1. Leaves exhibit slight marginal chlorosis followed by irregular necrosis
  2. Necrosis proceeds very rapidly and entire leaf dries prematurely
  3. Elongation ceases completely at a height of about 2 feet
  4. Leaf production is reduced
  5. Rosetting of leaves happens

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Phosphorous  deficiency will produce dark green leaves that may be confused with excessive N application. P deficiency is often associated with other nutrient disorders such as Fe toxicity at low pH, Zn deficiency, Fe deficiency, and salinity in alkaline soils.

management:
  1. Apply compost, cattle manure or green leaves at the rate of 10 kg per plant at the time of planting.
  2. Apply fertilizers at the recommended dose as per the recommended schedule
  3. Apply the fertilizer in two equal split doses; the first, two months after planting and the second, four months after planting. For ratoon crop, apply the entire fertilizers in a single dose immediately after the harvest of the preceding crop. Irrigate immediately after manuring.
  4. After planting banana, sow sunhemp / daincha / cowpea adopting a seed rate of 50 kg/ha. Incorporate the crop into the soil 40 days after sowing. Repeat sowing of green manure crop and incorporate into soil 40 days after sowing
  5.Use either Rajphos or Ultraphos as source of Phosphorous.


disorder_id: NDI-1n76mzHG09
disorder_name: Potassium
created: 2024-02-02 08:42:09.443022
updated: 2024-02-02 10:55:18.624437
description:
  Potassium provides strength to plant cell walls and increases leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content. It improves the banana plant’s tolerance of adverse climatic conditions, lodging, insect pests, and diseases. Often, yield response to K fertilizer is only observed when the supply of other nutrients, especially N and P, is sufficient. Potassium has essential functions in osmoregulation, enzyme activation; regulation of cellular pH, the cation-anion balance, regulation of transpiration by stomata, and the transport of assimilates (the products of photosynthesis). K provides strength to plant cell walls and is involved in the lignification of sclerenchyma—tissues with thickened cell walls. On the whole-plant level, K increases leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content, delays leaf senescence, and therefore contributes to greater canopy photosynthesis and crop growth.

symptoms:
  1.Symptoms first appear on mature leaves and petioles
  2.The most characteristic symptom is the inward marginal yellowing of older leaf followed by marginal necrosis
  3. Chlorosis progresses very rapidly and in a day or two the whole leaf turns yellow with downward curling
  4. Subsequently the leaf dries up, petiole breaks and the leaf dies prematurely
  5. In deficient plants, banana bunches are short, slim and deformed as a consequence of poor fruit filling caused by reduced photosynthesis and sugar transportation

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Leaf symptoms of K deficiency, particularly the yellowish brown leaf margins, are similar to those of virus diseases.

management:
  1. Apply compost, cattle manure or green leaves at the rate of 10 kg per plant at the time of planting.
  2. Apply fertilizers at the recommended dose as per the schedule
  3. Apply the fertilizer in two equal split doses; the first, two months after planting and the second, four months after planting. For ratoon crop, apply the entire fertilizers in a single dose immediately after the harvest of the preceding crop. Irrigate immediately after manuring.
  4. For Nendran, apply the fertilizers in six split doses as detailed
  5. After planting banana, sow sunhemp / daincha / cowpea adopting a seed rate of 50 kg/ha. Incorporate the crop into the soil 40 days after sowing. Repeat sowing of green manure crop and incorporate into soil 40 days after sowing.


disorder_id: NDI-3s17pP5m1V
disorder_name: Pesticide Toxicity
management: 1. Use pesticide as and when required at the recommended dose only.
created: 2024-02-02 08:43:31.853039
updated: 2024-02-02 10:54:31.112323
description:
  Pesticides are chemicals used in the field to control weeds, insects and diseases. But, in some situations the use of pesticides moves over and above the recommended dosage. And a number of plant level symptoms results. Therefore, special care should be taken not to confuse pesticide toxicity with normal problems. The effect varies, but damage may occur due to contact or due to translocation within the plant. Damage occurs at the time of or shortly after product application.

symptoms:
  1. Excess fertilizer application will result in marginal chlorosis of lower leaves followed by necrosis. A whitish discolouation or brown band appears, similar to sun burn apperras on the 2-5 leaves.
  2. Tridemorh applications for control of disease when goes overdose will result in yellowing of the leaf.
  3. Paraquat toxicity causes local chlorosis and necrosis on direct contact with leaves or live leaf sheaths.
  4. Glyphosate toxicity causes reduced growth rate, typical chlorosis and lamina deformations on younger leaves.
  5. Oxyfluorfen toxicity causes leaf necrosis on direct contact, marginal leaf necrosis when affected by gaseous form.
  6. Diuron toxicity causes yellowing along midrib of older leaves, spreading towards the margins; reduced growth rate.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  The toxicity of chemical causes yellowing and chlorosis symptoms which are common to various nutrition deficiency disorders.


# data_nutrientcategory

nutrient_category_id: NIC-wy24Xp46V8
nutrient_category: Nutrient deficiency
created: 2024-02-02 07:09:11.858829
updated: 2024-02-02 07:09:11.858860
description:
  Nutrient deficiency in plants occurs when a plant is unable to acquire an essential nutrient in sufficient quantities from its environment, leading to various physiological and visual symptoms. Different nutrients play crucial roles in plant growth and development, and deficiencies can have a detrimental impact on crop yield and quality.


nutrient_category_id: NIC-23D47cy3TO
nutrient_category: Nutrient toxicity
created: 2024-02-02 07:10:38.491851
updated: 2024-02-02 07:10:38.491878
description:
  Nutrient toxicity in plants occurs when essential nutrients are present in excessive amounts, leading to adverse effects on plant growth and development. While nutrients are crucial for plant health, an imbalance or excess of certain elements can be detrimental.


# data_diseasecategory

disease_category_id: SUBCAT-31JqE269AC
disease_category: Bacterial Disease
created: 2024-02-02 06:08:52.643266
updated: 2024-02-02 06:08:52.643293
description:
  Banana crops can be affected by various bacterial diseases, which can have significant economic consequences for banana growers. One of the most notable bacterial diseases affecting banana plants is Bacterial Wilt, caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum.


disease_category_id: SUBCAT-14u85H0WwB
disease_category: Fungal Disease
created: 2024-02-02 06:22:24.087048
updated: 2024-02-02 06:22:24.087087
description:
  Banana crops are susceptible to various fungal diseases that can impact plant health and reduce yields. One significant fungal disease affecting bananas is Banana Panama Disease, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense


# data_disease

disease_id: VAR-507fVB6i0D
disease_name: Rhizome rot
created: 2024-02-02 06:37:36.177835
updated: 2024-02-02 10:53:44.906661
description:
  CO: Erwinia carotovora.
  Rhizome rot is a disease caused by bacteria in banana. The disease is prevalent through out Kerala. The affected plants show discoloration and soft rotting of rhizomes and suckers. In severe cases toppling of the whole plant can happen. Therefore, appropriate management strategy should be adopted to control the disease. The causal bacteria invade the rhizome directly after planting via wounds or decaying leaf sheathes around the central bud and cause the damage.

symptoms:
  1. Affected plants show discolouration and soft rotting of rhizomes and suckers
  2. They have scanty roots with dark brown lesions and necrotic tips.
  3. The entire roots get blackended and rotted
  4. Badly affected plants remain stunted with water-soaked, discoloured leaf sheath bases and yellow leaf blades which give scorched appearance
  5. Pockets of dark water soaked areas and cavities develop in the rhizome
  6. Small sized fruits are produced which may fail to emerge from the shoot tip
  7. Newly planted rhizomes rot and fail to sprout
  8. On close examination, a soft blackened ring is seen on the pseudostem at the soil level
  9. The pseudostem tips over, breaking across the rotted portion, particularly at the ground level

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Rhizomes rot result in overall reduction in growth and development of the plant. Similar symptoms occur in case of nematode attack and with nutrient deficiencies.

management:
  1. Eradicate/destroy infected suckers. Subsequently, disinfect the area with 0.1% bleaching powder (1g/L) solution
  2. Avoid furrow irrigation and follow basin irrigation
  3. Disinfect the irrigation water with 0.1% bleaching powder (1g/L) solution
  4. Spread bleaching powder or 10 % fresh cow dung slurry (100g/L) in the banana basin
  5. Drench soil with 1% Bordeaux mixture or 0.4% copper oxychloride (4g/L)
  6. Use disease free planting material
  7.Remove Heliconia spp. and weeds from the field and nearby area
  8. Disinfect implements and tools used in the field
  9. Provide better drainage
  10.Leave soil fallow for 6 months, especially in summer
  11. Before planting, treat suckers with 0.4% copper oxychloride (4g/L) 30 minutes
  12. Drench soil with antibiotics like Streptomycin / Streptocycline 300ppm (300mg/L).


disease_id: VAR-RN57X3L7U8
disease_name: Moko wilt
created: 2024-02-02 06:39:24.608529
updated: 2024-02-02 10:52:26.563495
description:
  CO: Pseudomonas solanacearum (Syn. Ralstonia solanacearum).
  Moko wilt is an important bacterial disease of banana. The disease is prevalent throughout the country. And almost all varieties of banana are susceptible to the disease. The primary symptom of the disease is sudden wilting of the plant. The wilted plant later get dried up and even collapse. And the infested bunches are rejected in export market. Therefore, control of the disease is very much important in banana cultivation.

symptoms:
  1. Affected plants show rapid wilting and collapse of the younger leaves
  2. Later, these symptoms progress towards the older leaves
  3. In Cavendish varieties, the lower leaves develop a yellowish tinge which quickly spreads all over the leaves
  4. Leaves acquire a tingly whitish-yellow appearance, become dry, flaccid and readily droop around the pseudostem
  5.Petiole breaks at its junction with lamina or pseudostem
  6. If the diseased suckers are planted, terminal leaf becomes necrotic and the plant dies
  7. Infected young sword suckers show wilting and blackening
  8. Vascular discolouration ranging from pale yellow to dark brown or bluish black in the form of a ring is seen at the central part of the pseudostem, when it is cut transversely
  9. Slimy drops of bacterial ooze which is greyish brown in colour appears at the transverse cut end of the pseudostem
  10. When fruit bunch is produced, the fingers appear distorted and turn yellow resulting in premature ripening of fruits
  11.The pulp turns into a very characteristic dark brown colour
  12.Blackened necrotic male buds with infection moving up the fruit stalk is another characteristic symptom

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Panama wilt is often confused with moko disease. However, external symptom of panama wilt appears only after four months. But in case of moko disease, it is seen right from the beginning. The reddish tinge observed in case of Panama wilt is usually absent.

management:
  1. Eradicate and destroy suckers. Subsequently, disinfect the area with 0.1% bleaching powder(1g/L) solution
  2. Avoid furrow irrigation and follow basin irrigation
  3. Disinfect the irrigation water with 0.1% bleaching powder solution
  4. Spread bleaching powder or 10 % fresh cow dung slurry (100g/L) in the plant basin
  5. Drench soil with 1% Bordeaux mixture or 0.4% Copper oxychloride(4g/L)
  6. Use disease free planting material
  7.Remove Heliconia spp. and weeds from the field and nearby area
  8. Disinfect implements and tools used in the field
  9. Provide better drainage
  10 Leave the soil fallow for 6 months, especially in summer
  11. Adopt crop rotation with non-host crops for 12 months
  12. Before planting treat suckers with 0.4% copper oxychloride (4g/L) for 30 minutes
  13. Drench soil with antibiotics like Streptomycin / Streptocycline 300ppm (3 g/10 liters)


disease_id: VAR-M3y8Bn921Y
disease_name: Anthracnose
created: 2024-02-02 06:41:30.216803
updated: 2024-02-02 10:50:26.024503
description:
  CO: Colletotrichum musae.
  Anthracnose is a widespread disease of banana fruits. The disease produces unsightly blemishes on the fruit peel, which make them unacceptable to consumers. Infection normally begins as small black circular specks during the pre-harvest stage. Affected fruits ripen prematurely, rot and eventually shrivel. The conidia adhere to the fruit peel and start producing inoculums when the fruit start ripening. The fungus also enters the fruit through small wounds in the peel. It later germinates and produces fungal appressoria that initiate the expression of symptoms.

symptoms:
  1. Infection begins as small, black circular specks on the flowers and peel of the fruit at the distal end of the hands.
  2. Salmon pink coloured spore masses of the pathogen appears as the lesion increase in size and coalesce to form large sunken blackened areas mainly at the fruit ankles.
  3. Affected fruit ripens prematurely, rots and eventually shrivel.
  4. The disease may spread to crown and affects other fingers also.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  The symptoms are characteristic of the disease and can be easily distinguishable from other diseases.

management:
  1. Minimize damage to the fruit while harvest and storage.
  2. Wash the fruit with water to remove the inoculums to the level possible.
  3. Maintain the fruit in a hard, green state until ripening.
  4. Spray the bunches with Indofil M 45 (0.25 %) or Bavistin (0.05 %) and later  cover the bunch.


disease_id: VAR-0uC8M0u93g
disease_name: Cigar end rot
created: 2024-02-02 06:43:05.286782
updated: 2024-02-02 10:49:51.758334
description:
  CO: Verticillium theobromae.
  Cigar end rot is an important disease of banana. The disease is prevalent in almost all banana growing tracts. The disease affects the developing fingers. The tip end of the fingers gets dried up and resembles the greyish ash of a cigar. And such fingers are readily rejected in the market. Therefore, control of the disease is very much important in banana cultivation. A black necrosis spread from the perianth into the tip of immature fingers. The pulp of the affected fruit undergoes a dry rot. The dry rot can spread up to 2 cm from the tip. And such fingers are readily rejected in the market.

symptoms:
  1. A black necrosis spread from the perianth into the tip of immature fingers.
  2.The pulp of the affected fruit undergoes a dry rot. The dry rot can spread up to 2 cm from the tip.
  3.The corrugated necrotic tissue become covered with the mycelia of the fungi and resembles the greyish ash of the cigar-end.
  4. If emerging fingers are affected, the entire fingers sometimes get rotten

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  The symptoms are characteristic of the disease and can be easily distinguishable from other diseases.

management:
  1. Field sanitation, such as the removal of dead, hanging leaves from plants, will reduce inoculum level.
  2. The floral remaining should be removed immediately after flower emergence and bunches should be covered with polyethylene bag.
  3. Packing stations and ripening room need to be kept clean to minimize the chances of post harvest infestation.
  4. Infected fingers should be removed immediately.
  5. Spray bunches with Indofil M 45 (0.25 %) or Bavistin (0.05 %) and later cover the bunch.


disease_id: VAR-4H72B3D1ZR
disease_name: Cordana leaf spot
created: 2024-02-02 06:44:42.155031
updated: 2024-02-02 10:49:09.714941
description:
  CO: Cordana musae.
  Cordana leaf spot is one of the most important fungal diseases of banana. The disease is prevalent in almost all banana growing tracks. The disease produces eye shaped spots with definite concentric zonations. These spots later joins and causes yellowing and drying of leaves. Therefore, management of the disease is very much important in banana cultivation. The fungus on infection causes distruction to the plant tissue. This in turn causes considerable reduction in the photosynthetic area and yield.

symptoms:
  1.	Yellow or pale brown oval shaped spots appear near the leaf margins of lower leaves
  2.	As the spots develop, the central necrotic area develops concentric zonation with surrounding yellow halo
  3.	Individual spots enlarge or several spots coalesce to form large infected areas
  4.	When the leaf margins are infected, small concentric spots develop which is later converted into long stripes of pale brown necrotic tissues. The stripes sometimes extend upto midrib.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  There are a number of leaf spots diseases in banana. The leaf spot caused by Deightoniella torulosa is characterized by an inverted ‘V’ shaped appearance. In case of freckle leaf spot, numerous minute black spots cover the leaf lamina. The Eumusae leaf spot is characterized by pale yellow/dark brown/black streaks running parallel to veins, especially on lower leaves.

management:
  1.	Remove and destroy severely affected leaves.
  2.	In severe cases, spray 1% Bordeaux mixture or 0.3% Mancozeb (3g/L) or Propiconazole 1ml/L along with stickers
  3.	Oil based formulations of copper oxy chloride (Oleop) @ 0.2-0.4% (2-4g/L) is also recommended.


disease_id: VAR-xK4uS392g3
disease_name: Deightoniella leaf spot
created: 2024-02-02 06:46:06.370698
updated: 2024-02-02 10:48:33.496334
description:
  CO: Deightoniella torulosa.
  Deightoniella leaf spot is very much common in banana gardens. The disease is characterized by presence of inverted ‘V’ shaped leaf spots towards leaf edge. The reduction in photosynthetic area, stunted growth and yield loss results out of the disease. Therefore, appropriate control measures need to be adopted in accordance with the disease severity. The fungus is air borne. The spread of the fungus is rapid in closely planted fields. The fungus on infection causes distraction to the plant tissue. This in turn causes considerable reduction in the photosynthetic area and yield loss.

symptoms:
  1. The fungus causes three forms of the disease viz. black spot on leaf, fruit tip discolouration or black tip and fruit spot/speckle
  2.Round, pin point, black spots appear on the main veins of the lamina in the proximity to the leaf margin
  3.Gradually, these spots increase in size with narrow yellow margin
  4. The large spots dry in the centre with pale brown areas extending to the edge of the leaf blade giving the spots an inverted ‘V’ shaped appearance
  5. On fruits, black discolouration below the perianth advanced with irregular areas or yellowish margins along the fruits
  6. In some varieties, nearly round reddish brown spots or spots with black centre and a darker green, water soaked halo may be seen.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  There are a number of leaf spots in banana. The leaf spot caused by Cordana musea is spindle shaped. In case of freckle leaf spot, numerous minute black spots cover the leaf lamina. The Sigatoka leaf spot is characterized by pale yellow/dark brown/black streaks running parallel to veins, especially on lower leaves.

management:
  1. Adopt proper sanitation and good drainage of field
  2. Removed and destroy affected leaf portions and fruits
  3. Spray 1% Bordeaux mixture or 0.4 % mancozeb(4g/L) or Propineb 2.5g/L or Copper oxychloride 2.5g/L along with stickers in severe case
  4. Oil based formulation of copper oxy chloride (Oleop) @ 0.2-0.4% (2-4g/L) is also recommended


disease_id: VAR-lDM65640jv
disease_name: Freckle leaf spot
created: 2024-02-02 06:47:44.435006
updated: 2024-02-02 10:47:46.208151
description:
  CO: Phyllosticta musarum.
  Freckle leaf spot is very much common in banana gardens. The disease is characterized by the presence of numerous minute black spots in large numbers. The reduction in photosynthetic area, stunted growth and yield loss results out of the disease. Therefore, appropriate control measures need to be adopted in accordance with the disease severity. The pycnidia stage of the fungus is present on the host and cause damage. The nature of damage will be distraction of tissue and subsequent reduction in photosynthetic rate.

symptoms:
  1. Very small  dark brown to black spots  develops on the upper surface of the older leaves.
  2. This gives the leaf a sooty appearance and rough texture.
  3. Sometimes, spots may cluster in lines and appear as streaks running diagonally or horizontally across the leaf or from the mid rib to the leaf edge along the veins.
  4.Severely affected leaves will become yellow, wither and die prematurely.
  5. Symptoms also appear on fruits.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  There are a number of leaf spots in banana. The leaf spot caused by Deightoniella torulosa is characterized by an inverted ‘V’ shaped appearance. In case of freckle leaf spot, numerous minute black spots cover the leaf lamina. The Sigatoka leaf spot is characterized by pale yellow/dark brown/black streaks running parallel to veins, especially on lower leaves.

management:
  1. Remove wilted and dried leafs frequently and follow proper field sanitation.
  2. In severe cases, spray 1% Bordeaux mixture or 0.3% Mancozeb (3g/L) along with stickers
  3.Oil based formulations of copper oxy chloride (Oleop) @ 0.2-0.4% (2-4g/L) is also recommended.
  4.To avoid infection on fruits, the bunch should be covered after fruit emergence.


disease_id: VAR-1Z13eL3v8j
disease_name: Panama wilt
created: 2024-02-02 06:51:27.568390
updated: 2024-02-02 10:47:07.351264
description:
  CO: Fusarium oxysporum.
  Panama wilt is a major disease of banana. The disease is prevalent throughout the country. And almost all varieties of banana are susceptible to the disease. The primary symptom of the disease is sudden wilting of leaves and hanging of them around pseudostem. The wilted plant later get dried up and even collapse. And the infested bunches are rejected in export market. Therefore, control of the disease is very much important in banana cultivation. Root tips are the natural, initial sites of infestation. Chlamidospores germinate in response to exudates that originate from root tip. Later, they move to pseudostem and colonize the xylem tissues. These ultimately result in blockage of translocation of water and nutrients to different plant parts. And as consequence symptoms of the disease occurs.

symptoms:
  1. The leaves wilt, the petiole buckles and the leaf hangs between the pseudostem and the middle of lamina, while the leaf is still green
  2. The spindle leaf often stands green and erect while all other leaves wither, become yellowish-orange, collapse around the pseudostem and die
  3. Characteristic yellowing of older leaves accompanied by vascular discoloration in the outer leaf sheath
  4. The yellowing develops as a band along the margin and spreads towards the midrib
  5. Outer leaf sheaths of pseudostem above the soil level split longitudinally and pseudostem becomes hard
  6. Finally, the top leaf withers and dies
  7.Roots show reddish discolouration and rot
  8. When an affected rhizome is cut transversely, reddish vascular strands appear dark and inner portion decay
  9. Typical vascular bundle discolouration is noticed in pseudostem and leaf sheath

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Panama wilt is often confused with moko disease. However, external symptom of panama wilt appears only after four months. But in case of moko disease, it is seen right from the beginning. Further, in moko disease internal portion of fruits are discolored, but not in panama wilt. Similar symptoms are also observed in rhizome rot, but vascular discoloration is not seen in rhizome rot.

management:
  1. Grow resistant varieties like Giant Cavendish, Palayankodan, Robusta, Nendran etc. and avoid growing highly susceptible varieties like Gros Michel
  2. Remove and destroy infected plants along with roots at first sight of disease incidence followed by liming of infected pits @ 1 kg/pit
  3. Use disease free healthy planting material
  4.Avoid any sort of root injury through intercultural operations or by nematode infestation
  5. Flood fallow severely infected areas for 6-12 months
  6. Dip suckers in 0.2-0.3% Carbendazim (2-3g/L) solution before planting
  7. Drench the soil around the affected clumps with 0.2-0.3% Carbendazim (2-3g/L) or 0.1-0.2%.
  8. Drench soil with vapam 2850g in 100 litres of water or 1% Bordeaux mixture


disease_id: VAR-s7RfW17J46
disease_name: Eumusae leaf spot
created: 2024-02-02 06:58:14.938336
updated: 2024-02-02 10:45:49.931379
description:
  CO: Mycosphaerella eumusae.
  Eumusae leaf spot early known as sigatoka, is one of the most important fungal diseases of banana. The disease is prevalent in almost all banana growing tracts. And almost all varieties, particularly Nendran, are susceptible to the disease. The fungus produces leaf spots which later joins and causes yellowing and drying of leaves. Therefore, management of the disease is very much important in banana cultivation. The fungus on infection causes distraction to the plant tissue. This in turn causes considerable reduction in the photosynthetic area and thereby yield.

symptoms:
  1.	The first symptom of the disease is the appearance of a pale yellow/dark brown/black streaks running parallel to veins, especially on lower leaves
  2.	These streaks enlarge to form characteristic spots having dark brownish to black, linear-oblong areas with ill-defined border, often surrounded by yellow halo
  3.	Centre of the spots dries out, becoming light grey margined by narrow dark brown or black border
  4.	Most often, many of yellow streaks coalesce results in premature yellowing and drooping of leaves
  5.	The spots on lower leaves of young plants are dark brown and oval to circular
  6.	Several spots coalesce resulting in extensive blighting and drying of leaves
  7.	In severe case, the petioles collapse and the leaves hang down from the pseudostem
  8.	Unfolded heart leaf and 2-3 youngest open leaves usually do not show symptoms.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  There are a number of leaf spots diseases in banana. The leaf spot caused by Deightoniella torulosa is characterized by an inverted ‘V’ shaped blightining from the margin. In case of freckle leaf spot, numerous minute black spots cover the leaf lamina. The Sigatoka leaf spot is characterized by pale yellow/dark brown/black streaks running parallel to veins, especially on lower leaves.

management:
  1. Remove and destroy severely infected and completely dried leaves
  2.Spray 1% Bordeaux mixture or 0.4% Mancozeb (4g/L) along with stickers at 2-3 weeks interval as prophylactic measure
  3. Power oil (mineral oil) 1% (10ml/L) emulsion is also effective in controlling the disease
  4. Improve drainage, adopt weed control and proper spacing, remove excess suckers
  5. Oil based formulations of Copper oxychloride @ 0.2- 0.4% (2-4g/L) is also very effective.
  6. Apply Carbendazim 50 WP 1g/L or Propiconazole 25 EC 1ml/L or Hexaconazole 5 EC 1ml/L.


disease_id: VAR-M3J93Ni9M2
disease_name: Banana bract mosaic
created: 2024-02-02 06:59:43.492786
updated: 2024-02-02 10:44:48.403706
description:
  CO: Banana bract mosaic virus (BBMV).
  Banana bract mosaic disease is one of the most serious virus diseases of banana. The disease is popularly known as ‘Kokkan’. The disease causes pinkish lines on the pseudostem and leaf sheaths. And the infested palm looks more like a traveler’s palm. Since, the disease is caused by virus, chemical control is of no use. Therefore, special care should be taken to prevent disease infestation. The banana bracts mosaic virus is systemic and therefore  present in all plant parts, including the rhizome and the suckers. The virus is transmitted by the banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa. The disease symptom appears in about 35 to 45 days after inoculation by the insect. The aphid is required to feed on the infected plant for a minimum of about 17 hours before it can transmit the disease and the incubation period inside the vector may be from 90 minutes to 48 hours, and they retain the infective capacity for about 13 days. The vector usually attacks the host around the basal portion of the pseudostem, but at times they may be found on the upper leaf sheaths and petioles. The insect may carry the disease to long distances.

symptoms:
  1. Reddish/pinkish streaks of few mm to 10 cm length appear on the pseudostem, petiole and midrib
  2. Later the pinkish streaks turn to dark brownish or blackish and become necrotic streaks which remain throughout the growth period
  3. Numerous reddish/pinkish streaks make the entire pseudostem reddish or pinkish
  4. Outermost leaf sheath will be more reddish or pinkish and it progress to the inner sheath as reddish or pinkish streaks
  5. The outer leaf sheaths detach from the pseudostem in succession and break at the base
  6. Leaves are arranged in both sides of the affected plant in a single plane giving a traveller’s palm appearance
  7.Leaves produced will be gradually reduced in size with reddish or pinkish petiole and midrib
  8.Lamina shows mosaic mottling and becomes brittle
  9. Affected plant produces only a small bunch with chlorotic to dark brown streaks on the bracts
  10 The fingers are small, curved and widely divergent with pale green to ashy green colour as compared to healthy ones
  11. The bunch never matures and fingers rot
  12. The fingers take more time for ripening and pulp is unfit for consumption
  13. New suckers from diseased plants show necrotic streaks or abnormal colour on the pseudostem

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  The symptoms of banana bracts mosaic disease are characteristic of the disease and can be easily distinguished.

management:
  1. Eradicate and destroy all infected plants and suckers along with roots
  2. Affected stems can be destroyed by spraying kerosene or by injecting herbicides like 2,4-D
  3. Do not take suckers from affected fields
  4. Use disease free suckers for planting. Use tissue culture plants and certified, disease free suckers
  5. Observe strict quarantine regulations in disease free areas
  6.Before planting, spread lemon grass in the pits.


disease_id: VAR-3xj41FS3z4
disease_name: Banana Streak Disease
problem_with_similiar_symptoms: The symptoms expressed upon magnesium deficiency are similar but the chlorosis will be interveinal.
created: 2024-02-02 07:00:56.815121
updated: 2024-02-02 10:43:28.453893
description:
  CO: Banana steak virus.
  The disease is widespread in areas were mysore poovan or palayankodan is grown. It is caused by a virus which does not have any chemical control. Therefore, careful selection of planting materials and management methods is very much essential for managing the disease. The virus on infection causes distraction to the plant tissue. This in turn causes considerable reduction in the photosynthetic area and yield. The disease is spread by mealy bugs (planococus and pseudococus)

symptoms:
  1. Discontinuous yellow streaks along the blade or midrib which turns into necrotic patches. In severe cases necrotic streaks can be seen on pseudostem, petiole, lower side of the midrib etc.
  2. Reduction in yield due to this virus disease is more prominent in first and second ratoons.

management:
  1. Eradicate and destroy all infected plants including suckers along with roots
  2. Affected stools can be destroyed by spraying kerosene oil or by injecting herbicides like 2,4-D
  3.Do not take suckers from affected fields
  4. Use disease free suckers for planting. Use tissue culture plants and certified, disease free suckers
  5. Observe strict quarantine regulations in disease free areas
  6.Before planting, spread lemon grass in the pits
  7. Control must be practiced across a whole production area to avoid the rapid re- infection of virus-free planting material.
  8. Insect vector should be controlled by spraying systemic insecticide like dimethoate 2 ml/L or imidacloprid 18.5 SL3ml/10L. Before spraying insecticide, apply soap solution on the mealy bugs for better results.


disease_id: VAR-F62M49Ynp2
disease_name: Bunchy top
created: 2024-02-02 07:02:06.059276
updated: 2024-02-02 10:42:46.464397
description:
  CO: Banana bunchy top virus.
  Bunchy top is a major viral disease of banana. The disease is prevalent throughout the country and causes widespread damage. It is caused by a virus which does not have any chemical control. Therefore, careful selection of planting materials and management methods is very much essential for managing the disease. The bunchy top virus is systemic and therefore is present in all plant parts, including the rhizome and the suckers. The virus is transmitted by the banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa. The disease symptom appears in about 35 to 45 days after inoculation by the insect. The aphid is required to feed on the infected plant for a minimum of about 17 hours before it can transmit the disease and the incubation period inside the vector may be from 90 minutes to 48 hours, and they retain the infective capacity for about 13 days. The vector usually attacks the host around the basal portion of the pseudostem, but at times they may be found on the upper leaf sheaths and petioles. The insect may carry the disease to long distances. The bunchy top virus has also been transmitted to Heliconia sp. also.

symptoms:
  1.Prominent dark green streaks occur in the petioles, midribs and along the leaf veins. This is the most characteristic symptom for early diagnosis
  2. Irregular dark green streaks appear on leaves. Leaves become dark green, small, brittle and erect with prominent veins
  3.The leaves will get bunched together at the apex of the pseudostem to form a rosette or bunchy top
  4. The whole plant gets stunted as the leaf stalks fail to elongate
  5. Subsequently produced leaves become smaller. Finally leaf production stops
  6.Newly produced suckers become infected, stunted and produce numerous thick, dark green necrotic leaves
  7.Plants infected at an early stage of development do not produce bunch, though with later infections a distorted bunch may be formed. In very late infections, the only symptom to occur may be dark green streaks on the tips of the flower bracts.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  The symptoms are characteristic of the disease and can be easily distinguishable from other diseases.

management:
  1.Eradicate and destroy all infected plants including suckers along with roots
  2.Before destroying the affected plant, care should be taken to kill aphids feeding on the affected plant by spraying systemic insecticides like dimethoate 2ml/L.
  3.Affected stools can be destroyed by spraying kerosene or by injecting herbicides like 2,4-D
  4.Do not take suckers from affected fields
  5. Use disease free suckers for planting. Use tissue culture plants and certified, disease free suckers
  6. Observe strict quarantine regulations in disease free areas
  7. Before planting, spread lemon grass in the pits
  8. Karpooravally, Kanchikela, Njalipoovan and Koompillakannan are less susceptible varieties.
  9. Control must be practiced across a whole production area to avoid the rapid re- infection of virus-free planting material.
  10 Spraying systemic insecticides such as Dimethoate 2ml/L or imidacloprid 3ml/10L.


disease_id: VAR-7M370ymuQ6
disease_name: Infectious chlorosis
created: 2024-02-02 07:04:11.637439
updated: 2024-02-02 10:41:35.233306
description:
  CO: cucumber mosaic virus.
  Infectious chlorosis is one of the most common diseases of banana. The disease causes yellowish green patches and thickening of veins. Leaf sheaths also pull away from the pseudostem easily. Since, the disease is caused by virus, chemical control is of no use. Therefore, special care should be taken to prevent disease infestation. The disease causes yellowish green patches and thickening of veins. Leaf sheaths also pull away from the pseudostem easily. This in turn results in considerable reduction in photosynthetic area and affects growth.

symptoms:
  1. Chlorotic or yellowish green bands and patches or mottling seen over the entire area of young leaves
  2. Parallel chlorotic streaks develop on the younger leaves giving a striped appearance
  3. Subsequently produced leaves become small and distorted
  4. Margins become irregularly wavy, often with mosaic mottling and blotches of necrotic tissues
  5. In severe cases, rotted areas are found through out the leaf sheath and pseudostem
  6. Occasionally diseased plants do not reach maturity. They produce a bunch of fruit which never matures and is unfit for consumption
  7. Affected plants become stunted
  8.Youngest leaf shows chlorosis and rots resulting in heart rot
  9. Disease is noticed in many cultivable varieties like Nendran, Palyankodan, Karpooravally, Rasthali etc.

problem_with_similiar_symptoms:
  Infectious chlorosis produces symptoms that are common to any of the viral diseases. However, the disease causes yellowish green patches and thickening of veins. Leaf sheaths also pull away from the pseudostem easily.

management:
  1. Eradicate and destroy all infected plants including suckers along with roots
  2. Affected stools can be destroyed by spraying kerosene or by injecting herbicides like 2,4-D
  3. Do not take suckers from affected fields
  4. Use disease free suckers for planting. Use tissue culture plants and certified, disease free suckers
  5. Observe strict quarantine regulations in disease free areas
  6. Avoid growing leguminous and cucurbitaceous vegetables as intercrop
  7. Before planting, spread lemon grass in the pits.
  8. As the disease spread through contaminated tools, same tools should not be used for uninfected and healthy plants.


# data_crop

crop_id: CRCAT-S39YrT60P4
crop_name: Banana
image: images/bunch_of_large_size_yellow_bananas_hd_banana-1920x1080.jpg
created: 2024-02-02 05:07:16.592790
updated: 2024-02-02 05:07:16.592826
description:
  Banana, fruit of the genus Musa, of the family Musaceae, one of the most important fruit crops of the world. The banana is grown in the tropics, and, though it is most widely consumed in those regions, it is valued worldwide for its flavour, nutritional value, and availability throughout the year. Cavendish, or dessert, bananas are most commonly eaten fresh, though they may be fried or mashed and chilled in pies or puddings. They may also be used to flavour muffins, cakes, or breads. Cooking varieties, or plantains, are starchy rather than sweet and are grown extensively as a staple food source in tropical regions; they are cooked when ripe or immature. A ripe fruit contains as much as 22 percent of carbohydrate and is high in dietary fibre, potassium, manganese, and vitamins B6 and C.


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# diagnosis_diagnosis

farmer_name: arathi
phone_number: 7994817081
krishibhavan: KB Mala
district: Thrissur
pincode: 680732
crop_name: Banana
crop_stage: Nursery stage
age: 2-3 month
user_audio: audio/audio_1746425992000.m4a
audio_expert_link: https://apiserver.simplifyagri.com:82/audio/record/diagnosis/15
question: what is wrong with this
diagnosis: Mycosphaerella fijiensis (fungal)
expert_audio: audio/audiorecord_JC9pQnp.webm
problem_status: resolved
tags: what is wrong with this
faq_title: Common disease spread in Banana
created_at: 2025-05-05 06:21:39.832875
updated_at: 2025-05-05 06:29:57.847783
management:
  Apply fungicides like propiconazole or mancozeb, alternating classes to avoid resistance.
  Practice sanitation: remove infected leaves and destroy them.


farmer_name: sreya
phone_number: 8921831972
krishibhavan: select crop age
district: Palakkad
pincode: 678621
crop_name: Banana
crop_stage: Nursery stage
age: 2-3 week
user_audio: audio/audio_1746428101822.m4a
audio_expert_link: https://apiserver.simplifyagri.com:82/audio/record/diagnosis/16
expert_audio: audio/audio_1746428101822_0lPyma5.m4a
problem_status: resolved
created_at: 2025-05-05 06:55:26.954830
updated_at: 2025-05-05 06:57:40.820448
diagnosis:
  Use pathogen-free planting materials:
  This is crucial to prevent the introduction of the disease. Consider using tissue culture-derived seedlings.

management:
  Use uninfected seedlings raised from tissue culture.
  Sleeve bunches at an early stage before fingers emerge.


